How in-flight internet access works

by Marshall Brain

In 2008, hundreds of planes will be flying with in-the-air wi-fi service.

One technology comes from AirCell. This is an air-to-ground connection using EV-DO technology. EV-DO is the same technology used by Verizon and other cell phone companies to give laptops broadband access through the cell phone network. AirCell has purchased spectrum (800 Mhz) that it will use for its own airborne EV-DO system. Aircell (and other sysytems like it) can work well when flying over the United States. It would not work well for trans-oceanic flights. This video describes the basics of AirCell technology:

While in the air, your laptop communicates with a wi-fi hub on the airplane, and then the hub communicates with towers on the ground to reach the Internet. American Airlines is one airline that will be using AirCell.

For long oceanic flights, you need to get the connection from a satellite rather than ground-based towers. Boeing tried this approach with a service called Connexion. But it cost about $500,000 per plane to install and never took off. Boeing cancelled the service in 2006.

A company called Row44 is trying again with the satellite approach. According to the Row44 FAQ, “The Row 44 System provides data rates averaging 30 Mbps in the downlink direction (from the satellite to the aircraft) and 620 Kbps maximum in the uplink direction.” The connection is provided by a network of satellites owned by Hughes. Alaska Airlines is one airline that will be using Row44 in 2008.

Public Service Announcement - Avoid the dip bowl at a party

by Marshall Brain

If you are at a Super Bowl party this weekend, you may want to avoid the dip:

Dip Once or Dip Twice?

The concern is “doubling dipping” - a concern first given wide publicity by an episode of “Seinfeld.” The problem mentioned in that episode is that some people take a bite of a chip, and then stick the chip back in the dip bowl a second time. To determine whether this transgression does indeed transfer germs, students tested it:

The team of nine students instructed volunteers to take a bite of a wheat cracker and dip the cracker for three seconds into about a tablespoon of a test dip. They then repeated the process with new crackers, for a total of either three or six double dips per dip sample. The team then analyzed the remaining dip and counted the number of aerobic bacteria in it. They didn’t determine whether any of the bacteria were harmful, and didn’t count anaerobic bacteria, which are harder to culture, or viruses.

There were six test dips: sterile water with three different degrees of acidity, a commercial salsa, a cheese dip and chocolate syrup.

The results?

On average, the students found that three to six double dips transferred about 10,000 bacteria from the eater’s mouth to the remaining dip.

It makes you wonder if the communal dip bowl will go the way of tap water eventually. Will some company invent single-serving dips? Or will a new social protocol evolve?

Here, by the way, is the scene from Seinfeld:

[See previous PSA]

Crazy Aircraft #28 - The AD-1 “scissor wing” airplane

by Marshall Brain

The AD-1:

See also:

Ames-Dryden-1 (AD-1)

From the article:

It was designed as a low-cost/low-speed research aircraft to test a pivot wing design. The AD-1 took off with its wing positioned at a right angle with the fuselage. Once in the air, the wing would rotate on its pivot point on the fuselage until it formed a 60 degree angle. The goal was to design a high-speed transport with low drag. The AD-1 made a total of 79 flights, but adverse handling at sharp sweep angles made the approach less attractive. …

The aircraft was 38.8 feet long and 6.75 feet high with a wing span of 32.3 feet, unswept. It was constructed of plastic reinforced with fiberglass and weighed 1,450 pounds,empty. The vehicle was powered by two small turbojet engines, each producing 220 pounds of thrust at sea level. Due to safety concerns, the aircraft was limited to speeds of 170 mph.

[See #27]

How the Orbiting Carbon Observatory Works

by Marshall Brain

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory is a NASA satellite that will orbit the earth and measure CO2 levels in the atmosphere with high accuracy. The goal is to find sources and sinks for CO2 to better understand where CO2 is being created and absorbed on the planet. This page describes the mission:

OCO - Orbiting Carbon Observatory

One reason for this mission is the fact that we don’t really understand all the sinks right now. It is not clear where all the CO2 goes when it is absorbed. This satellite will help understand the sinks better.

Here is an NPR interview with David Crisp, one of the scientists working on the mission:

Orbiting Carbon Observatory

Strange - explosions

by Marshall Brain

Cool, but strange:

And the slo-mo is nice.

The obvious question: how did they create the explosions? It would appear that they used a licensed pyrotechnician for the shoot and that he/she used flash powder. This video, for example, shows the effect of two ounces of flash powder:

This page shows a van explosion using flash powder (includes a video at the bottom):

VAN EXPLOSION PYROTECHNICS

Today’s Conspiracy Theory

by Marshall Brain

The 9/11 conspiracy theory popped (very briefly) into the news again this week because 9/11 hecklers had another run-in with Bill Clinton:

Conincidentally with that, I have a friend who sent me links to a series of 9/11 conspiracy theory videos called “September Clues”. The gist of September Clues seems to be, “we can find evidence that 9/11 was an ‘inside job’ by looking at the news coverage of events on that day.” If you enjoy conspiracy theories, it’s an interesting angle. Here is part 1:

Also:

- September Clues, part 2

There are 8 or 9 parts if you are interested. This one follows the same angle:

- 9/11 Amateur

[See previous TCT]

Question from a reader: How Does LCD Response Time Work?

by Marshall Brain

Here’s the question:

One things that I have run across on my quest for a TV is: Pixel response time, shown as 8 ms (milliseconds) more or less. Where does this fit in and what range should we be looking for?

If you are looking to buy a new LCD HDTV, there are several things that you need to think about. There is the number of pixels on the screen (you can get an actual 1,920 by 1,080 pixels, or the less expensive 1,366 x 768). There’s the contrast ratio, which can range from 500:1 up to 30,000:1 or more. There’s the refresh rate (either 60 or 120 hertz).

And then there is something called the “response time”. This is measured in milliseconds. If you were to go back a few years, response time was as high as 65 milliseconds. 8 milliseconds is pretty common now, but it can go as low as 2 or 3 milliseconds.

The response time measures how long it takes for a pixel on the screen to go from black to white and back to black again. This controls how crisp the screen will look when there is a lot of movement. With a long response time, you can get ghosting or smearing in the picture when things move on the screen. With a short response time you don’t.

8 milliseconds is common because, if you divide 1 second by 120, you get 8.25 milliseconds. If it is 8 or less, you generally won’t see any ghosting. Below 8, many people cannot see a difference. If you go to a retailer and look at similar screens with different response times, you will be able to tell if it makes a difference to you or not. If not, it becomes a moot point.

These two articles go into it in a lot more deatil if you are interested:

- LCD screens in a nutshell

- LCD Response Time - Is faster always better?

In this video, there is an advantages/disadvantages comparison between DLP and LCD screens. One thing DLP has going for it is super quick response times:

[Got a question? You can send it to marshall.brain at the domain howstuffworks.com]

Today’s inspirational moment

by Marshall Brain

A 10 year old builds an awesome snow making machine with an air compressor and a pressure washer:

Real-World Calvin Builds Snow Machine, Creates Backyard Mountain Overnight

The link includes a video showing his invention.

For more info see: How snow makers work

[See previous TIM]

Invention: Snow remover

by Marshall Brain

Tired of that pesky snow weighing down your truck and causing all kinds of unnecessary drag?

[[[See previous invention]]]

An experiment: Do men prefer curly or straight hair?

by Marshall Brain

In an ideal world, it would make no difference. But the world is not ideal, so we have this social experiment, carried out in fascinating detail:

Curly vs. Straight: Which Do Men Prefer?

From the article:

Would it really make a difference? To find out, I embarked on an unscientific social experiment. Newly single in New York City, I joined a popular online dating service and posted two profiles. They were identical in every way—except one. The first profile included a picture of my hair flat-ironed straight. For the other, my hair was naturally curly. After one month showcasing the straight profile and the next month curly, more than twice as many men responded to…

Then she takes it one step further:

There’s a twist. On my dates, the plan was to find out what they really think when I show up as the opposite of what they expect. If they reach out to my straight profile, I would meet them as a curly, and vice versa. Would my hairstyle really affect their attraction?

Interesting… How could collected filaments of keratin have such an effect?

See also: How Hair Coloring Works

Funny

by Marshall Brain

You either like “FAIL” images of you don’t. If you do, then this is funny:

The FAIL Blog

[See previous Funny]

Strange - Jellyfish evolution

by Marshall Brain

Description from the video:

The jelly fish came to this lake in Palau through a tunnel which connected the sea and the lake a long time ago. Now the tunnel has closed, and the jelly fish came to have no poison in an environment where there’s no predator. They live by photosynthesis because they cannot feed on anything in this lake. This lake is such a heaven to them that there are just so many of them living here.


View Larger Map

More info on the jellyfish and Palau: Palau Jellyfish Lake

See also: How Jellyfish Work

Interesting reading…

by Marshall Brain

Not your teen’s model rocket - “The Desert Hawk is 10 feet tall and weighs 126 pounds. Launching it required high-altitude clearance from the Federal Aviation Administration. It’s fueled by a mixture of ammonium perchlorate and synthetic rubber - known as APCP, it’s essentially what powers the space shuttle…”

Hyperfast Star Proven To Be Alien - “A young star is speeding away from the Milky Way so fast that astronomers have been puzzled by where it came from; based on its young age it has traveled too far to have come from our galaxy…”

What Our Top Spy Doesn’t Get: Security and Privacy Aren’t Opposites - “If there’s a debate that sums up post-9/11 politics, it’s security versus privacy. Which is more important? How much privacy are you willing to give up for security? Can we even afford privacy in this age of insecurity? Security versus privacy: It’s the battle of the century, or at least its first decade…”

Fact-Checking the State of the Union Speech - “Here, NPR reporters analyze key aspects of the president’s address, summarizing his proposals and their prospects…”

Internet 1996 - “In 1996, the Internet Archive began archiving the web for a service called the Wayback Machine. I decided to peruse the Wayback Machine’s earliest archives to see what the internet looked like in 1996…”

How Teenage Rebellion Has Become a Mental Illness - “For a generation now, disruptive young Americans who rebel against authority figures have been increasingly diagnosed with mental illnesses and medicated with psychiatric (psychotropic) drugs…”

The Autumn of the Multitaskers - “Neuroscience is confirming what we all suspect: Multitasking is dumbing us down and driving us crazy. One man’s odyssey through the nightmare of infinite connectivity…”

The great fiscal stimulus package … of 1929 - “Lately, whenever the market has a bad day, the reflex among financial-news editors is to compare our current situation with 1987 and wonder if a “Black Monday”-style crash is on the horizon…”

Camera In A Pill Offers Cheaper, Easier Window On Your Insides - “What if swallowing a pill with a camera could detect the earliest signs of cancer? The tiny camera is designed to take high-quality, color pictures in confined spaces. Such a device could find warning signs of esophageal cancer, the fastest growing cancer in the United States…”

Don’t treat the old and unhealthy, say doctors - “Ninety-four per cent said that an alcoholic who refused to stop drinking should not be allowed a liver transplant…”

16 year-old builds electric pickup truck - “We all know the major manufacturers are saying it can’t be done, so I guess it’s up to the youth! Andrew Angelloti, an Ecomodder forum member, converted his very own 1988 Mazda pickup to run on electricity last year, using $6,000 he had saved up from his part time job as a life guard…”

[See previous IR]

How Fugu Works

by Marshall Brain

Fugu is a dish in Japan made from pufferfish. Prepared improperly it can kill you. This video will help you understand how it works:

Eating Poison Fish

From the video:

The Tiger Fugu has enough toxin to kill 30 people. The toxin itself, to give you an idea, is 1,000 times stronger than Cyanide.

One milligram of the poison (tetrodotoxin) is enough to kill a person by paralysis. To prepare an edible dish, the key is to eliminate all of the parts of the fish that contain the poison (especially the skin) and eat the untainted parts. Chefs are licensed to ensure that they know how to prepare a non-fatal meal.

The obvious question: why would people want to eat something that is potentially fatal? Prepared by licensed chefs, the fish is considered generally safe to eat. So perhaps it is like an amusement park ride: thrilling, with a very small risk of death. As this article puts it: “some highly trained chefs include a tiny bit of the toxin when they serve fugu. The toxin will create a prickly, numb feeling on the tongue.”

Public Service Announcement - You might be influenced by the Sullivan Nod

by Marshall Brain

Is it possible that a waiter or bartender can influence your decisions with a slight nod? According to this page, “Studies have concluded that 60–70% of the time, a Sullivan nod will achieve the desired results (customers choosing the ‘recommended’ item).”

Jim Sullivan is a writer/consultant who works with the restauant industry. More info here: Sullivision.com

[See previous PSA]

Sit inside an A380 cockpit…

by Marshall Brain

…with this 360-degree panoramaic photograph:

A380 Cockpit

For more info see: How the A380 Works

[See previous panorama]

How the ZENN electric car works

by Marshall Brain

ZENN stands for “Zero Emissions No Noise” and is an electric car built in Canada. It is a 100% electric vehicle that recharges from a standard wall outlet. You can learn more about it here:

- Zenncars.com/

- ZENN Specifications

And here:

It seems like a great idea, and it is built in Canada. The thing that seems to be gumming it up is the fact that it is an “urban vehicle” (aka a “neighborhood electric vehicle”), meaning a max speed of 25 MPH and a short range. Sort of a big golf cart in other words. If it could get turned into a “real” car, they could probably sell tens of thousands of them in the U.S.

For more info see: How electric cars work

Today’s inspirational moment

by Marshall Brain

David Smith Amazing Weight Loss Story - (photos)

The obvious question you might have is, “How did he do it?” No surgery was involved: it was all diet and exercise, as discussed in How Dieting Works. The first link mentions “carb cycling”, aka Carbohydrate Cycling, which is a way to get a handle on diet. You can learn more about it here:

Carbohydrate cycling: What you need to know

[See previous TIM]

Good question: Why do people like toast?

by Marshall Brain

Here is the answer:

Five ways to get toasted

Actual answer is at the bottom of the page. Set up is at the top. The five items in between are interesting.

[See previous GQ]

How “The Force Unleashed” Works

by Marshall Brain

There is a new game nearing completion called “The Force Unleashed”. In this game you are given incredible powers, as you can see in this quick demonstration:

The more interesting thing about the game is how they made all of this look so real. This video describes how Havok (the physics engine), Euphoria (the AI engine) and DMM (Digital Molecular Modeling) work together in the game to create the realism:

More info on Havok: Havok Physics

Trailer for the game:

World record #8: Ice exposure

by Marshall Brain

Yesterday, Tantric master Wim Hof stood in a giant container of ice for more than an hour, breaking his own world record:

Tantric Master Breaks Ice Record in NYC

He claims that he is able to do this by “controlling his body temperature through tantric meditation.”

If you would like to learn more about tantric masters:

- “What is Tantra?” an interview with Tantric Master Prem Pranama

- Invitation to practice Yoga

[See previous WR]

Public service announcement - Your catalytic converter is worth $200 to $300… to theives

by Marshall Brain

Is nothing sacred? Now theives are crawling under cars and ripping out th catalytic converters for cash:

Thieves convert car part into fast cash

From the article:

While metal thefts have increased in recent years, catalytic converter thefts are of a different order. Instead of turning large amounts of common metals into nickels and dimes, these thieves turn small amounts of rare metals into dollars. Lots of dollars.There isn’t much metal in a catalytic converter.

Sold for scrap, one might fetch you $1 at 5 cents per pound.

But the catalyst - the thing that makes a catalytic converter work - can cost thousands of dollars per ounce. It’s typically a combination of platinum, rhodium and palladium.

Next time you see someone crawling under a car in a parking lot, you might want to call 911.

For more info see: How Catalytic Converters Work

[Go to previous PSA]

Invention - Prototype flying car

by Marshall Brain

All the rotors are within the fuselage, solving one of the biggest problems with helicopters when flying in tight spaces:

See also: How flying cars work and The Coanda Effect Flying Saucer.

[[[See previous invention]]]

Makes you think - 10 worst disasters

by Marshall Brain

Million of people dead… Billions of dollars in property damage…

The 10 worst disasters in the last century

[See previous MYT]

How microprocessor heat works

by Marshall Brain

This article contains a nice explanation of why today’s microprocessors run so hot, and the different techniques engineers use to cut the heat:

MST will help extend Moore’s Law for another 15 years

It explains current techiniques to reduce heat including strained silicon, silicon-on-insulator and high-K gates (e.g. hafnium) as well as upcoming techniques like Thin Field Effect Transistors.

It also discusses a new technique from Mears Silicon Technology (MST) that will lower the heat significantly. From the article:

Now what does all this mean for you and me? It means Moore’s Law will remain in effect for at least another 15 years, which is long enough for most of those scary predictions of Ray Kurzweil to come true. You know, predictions like desktop computers with 10,000 times the processing power of my brain.

In addition, here’s a (slightly bizarre) description of Hafnium:

Good question: What is svchost.exe And Why Is It Running?

by Marshall Brain

What is svchost.exe And Why Is It Running?

[See previous GQ]

Could you pass the US citizenship test?

by Marshall Brain

“Here are 14 questions among 100 currently used in a US citizenship test”:

Could you pass the US citizenship test?

See how you do…

Stand on the moon…

by Marshall Brain

…with these 360-degree panoramaic photographs from the Apollo missions:

Apollo mission panoramas

Click buttons along the top for other Apollo panoramas.

Inside an Intel 45nm Chip Factory

by Marshall Brain

Talks about the layout and construction of one of Intel’s huge chip factories:

Interesting reading…

by Marshall Brain

How to Tell If You Are Addicted to Technology - “These over-wired people are so focused on their gadgets, they neglect relationships with other people, O’Neill said. Communication aids such as texting and e-mail may actually hamper our abilities to have more important face-to-face conversations…”

U.S. Spy Satellite, Power Gone, May Hit Earth - “A disabled American spy satellite is rapidly descending and is likely to plunge to Earth by late February or early March, posing a potential danger from its debris, officials said Saturday…”

America’s 25 Fastest-Growing Tech Companies - “It has been a rough 12 months for the stock market, including technology stocks. The S&P 500 is off 2.1% over the past 12 months (dividends excluded) and the Nasdaq 100 Tech Index is off 8.7%. But you could have done well owning the really hot technology companies. A year ago we published our annual list of America’s 25 fastest-growing technology companies. Those stocks have gained 16% over the same time period…”

Achieve a Deep, Uninterrupted Sleep - “Since we’re all in agreement that a good night’s sleep is one of the best things you can do for your health and mood, pick three of these tips to follow each night until you get the night’s sleep you so desperately crave…”

DNA Molecules Display Telepathy-like Quality - “Double helixes of DNA can recognize matching molecules from a distance and then gather together, all seemingly without help from any other molecules, scientists find. Previously, under the classic understanding of DNA, scientists had no reason to suspect that double helixes of the molecule could sort themselves by type, let alone seek each other out…”

A new iPhone this summer? - “Given all this data pointing to high inventory, lowered shipments and “disappointing” sales, why did Apple’s Chief Financial Officer Peter Oppenheimer say Tuesday that Apple “felt confident” about reaching its goal of 10 million iPhones by the end of 2008?” See also: Where Are Apple’s Missing iPhones?

High School Student Builds 100% Wooden Bike - “16 year-old Marco Facciola built this completely wooden bike for a school project, managing to avoid using any metal at all…”

World’s Weirdest Creatures Just Got Weirder - “A gigantic, ancient relative of the newt, a drawing-pin sized frog, a limbless, tentacled amphibian and a blind see-through salamander have all made it onto a list of the world’s weirdest and most endangered creatures…”

Well Done - “Well Done designed by Bruketa & Zinić is an annual report from the food company Podravka. The book is empty or so it seems. In order to see the text and images the book has to be wrapped in foil and baked at 100°C for 25 minutes. The text and images are printed using a special, thermo-reactive ink…”

Comet Dust Seems More Asteroidy - “Remember the good old days when we understood our solar system? Then we found out Pluto wasn’t a planet. And now a new study puts comets in question. The data come from NASA’s Stardust mission—that’s the one that scooped up particles from comet Wild 2 and returned to earth two years ago. The conventional wisdom is that comets originated in the outer solar system, then the sun or a planet nudged them into weird orbits…”

Photo clues lead to camera’s owner - “At dusk on New Year’s Eve, Erika Gunderson got into a taxi in New York City and entered a digital-age mystery…”

Rare Middle-Class Tomb Found From Ancient Egypt - “Archaeologists have unsealed the intact burial chamber of an ancient Egyptian official, providing a rare glimpse into the burial customs of the Old Kingdom’s middle class…”

Mapping the Most Complex Structure in the Universe: Your Brain - “Harvard scientists have embarked upon an ambitious program to create a circuit diagram of the human brain, with the help of new machines that automatically turn brain tissue into high-resolution neural maps. By mapping every synapse in the brain, researchers hope to create a “connectome” — a diagram that would elucidate the brain’s activity at a level of detail far outstripping today’s most advanced brain-monitoring tools like fMRI…”

He’s Not as Smart as He Thinks - “Are men smarter than women? No. But they sure think they are…”

Women leave town and children in hands of men - “What would happen if all the women were to disappear from a town, leaving the men to not only work, but also take care of the family and the home?”

Foreigners Keep Out! High Tech Mapping Starts to Redefine International Borders - “For centuries, nations marked what they owned at sea by measuring out from their shoreline. But in 1994, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea took effect. It stated that countries can move their boundary lines to the edge of their continental shelf — this can give them more territory but is difficult to determine. Today, as sea ice thaws and undersea mapping technology improves, countries are rushing to assert their ownership over potentially lucrative chunks of extra turf…”

Anonymous steps up its war with Scientology - “A group of vigilantes–calling themselves Anonymous, or Anon–are escalating their attacks against the Church of Scientology in what they consider to be Internet censorship by issuing new video challenges…”

[See previous IR]